فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 150، پاییز 1402)

The concept of scale and spatial structure are key concepts in the analysis, planning and design of urban spaces. Among urban spaces, streets play a very important role in the structure of cities due to their wideness and dispersion. Considering the importance of these cases, the purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between scale and spatial structure in urban streets.

This is a mixed applied study carried out in Shahid Beheshti street, karaj in 2022. The development of the theoretical model of the scale in the urban space has been done using the correlation method of confirmatory factor analysis. Also, the spatial syntax variables of the study area were extracted based on the axis map in DepthMap software and its relationship was analyzed through the Pearson correlation test with the scale model data of Shahid Beheshti Street.

The findings indicate the effect of the factors "dimensions and proportions", "enclosure", "components and activity" on the scale in Shahid Beheshti Street, Karaj. In such a way that the change in each of these variables can change the scale in the objective and perceptual dimension. Also, the scale has a significant relationship with the spatial structure of Shahid Beheshti Street in Karaj in both objective and perceptual dimensions. This relationship is direct with the "connection" variable and inverse with the "depth" variable

By analyzing the space syntax of urban streets, it is possible to predict the scale error in the urban structure and improve this error in both perceptual and objective dimensions with spatial changes.

Urban transportation infrastructure and land use system have reciprocal impacts on one another. However, extant research emphasizes the role of land use in the development of the urban transportation system, while the influence of transportation infrastructures on urban expansion has been predominantly neglected. Hence, the objective of the present investigation was to examine the role of urban transportation infrastructure on the constituents of urban growth in the city of Tehran, employing time-space trends with a particular focus on intra-city highways.

The current "explanatory-evaluation" study was carried out using transportation and traffic data from Tehran city spanning the period of 1995-2020. Through the establishment of a quantitative analysis methodology based on shared indicators between transportation and urban growth, data collection and analysis were conducted in four sequential stages.

The impact of highways on the urban expansion of Tehran has been identified across various significant dimensions. These include the establishment of a center-periphery configuration of population density, the controlled development of transportation infrastructure, extensive functional transformations in peripheral regions, the emergence of secondary functional nuclei on the outskirts of the city, and simultaneously, increased centralization in the core of Tehran's Central Business District. Additionally, there are indirect repercussions on land prices and real estate. These collective tendencies have ultimately culminated in the formation of an integrated metropolitan area.

To effectively manage and regulate urban growth, it is imperative to strike a balance in the role of the urban transportation system. This entails the amalgamation and harmonization of urban transportation policies with land use policies. This integration should be embedded within the framework of urban development plans, including comprehensive and detailed urban plans, as well as other management strategies. Furthermore, the control of urban growth must be given due consideration.

The main objective of this study was to determine and prioritize the indicators of tourism development and their impact on the prosperity of rural handicraft cooperatives

This research employed a mixed descriptive approach and was conducted in Northern Savadkuh county in 2022-2023. The data collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The dimensions that were deemed effective in the development of the tourism industry were identified through the review of the existing literature and were subsequently presented to a panel of experts consisting of 10 individuals. These dimensions were presented in the form of a questionnaire. Duplicate options were eliminated, resulting in a final questionnaire consisting of 55 items. The study sample comprised of 30 professionals working in the field of tourism and hospitality, who were selected based on purposive sampling. To analyze the data and reveal the mutual relationships among the criteria, the DEMATEL technique was employed. Finally, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was used to analyze the data.

The cultural-social, environmental, and economic dimensions, along with the increase in income and entrepreneurial spirit, are identified as the most significant indicators of tourism development and the prosperity of rural handicraft cooperatives. Among these indicators, the increase in income and employment is found to have the highest impact and the most significant interaction with other criteria. The prioritization of the main criteria reveals that the cultural-social dimension holds the foremost priority, followed by the environmental dimension, while the increase in income and employment are assigned the third priority. By employing calculations and the limit supermatrix, it is determined that the sub-criterion of the positive attitude of individuals towards tourism and the weaknesses in the existing infrastructure are ranked as the first and second priorities, respectively.

The most influential factors driving tourism development in the Northern Savadkuh County are included the local residents’ attitudes toward tourism, particularly in the socio-cultural dimension, infrastructure weaknesses, distance from villages and markets in the environmental dimension, and the enhancement of job opportunities and employment within the region

Currently, the utilization of the carrying capacity, which denotes the maximal number of individuals partaking in a natural sport or recreational activity at a specific moment without inducing alterations in the surroundings, is widely employed in the realm of management. The objective of this investigation is to ascertain the recreational and sporting capacity of the Dena region within the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province.

This is an applied mixed study carried out in 2020-2021 in Dena region. The Ecological Capability Evaluation Model (ECE) and Sport Tourism Capacity (STCC) were utilized. Additionally, the geographic notification system was implemented to finalize the layers and generate the maps. Subsequent to the validation of the present uses, three categories of capacity were approximated, namely physical, genuine, and effective physical board capacity. Consequently, appropriate zones were identified for a diverse array of concentrated and widespread recreational activities.

Findings: 

The estimated daily capacity of the study site's physical carrying capacity was determined to be 18255600. In order to calculate the actual carrying capacity of the study site, five limiting factors and thirteen parameters were utilized, resulting in a capacity of 24152158 per day. These coefficients were then employed to calculate the effective carrying capacity of the management parameters. Notably, the highest rating was attributed to the "variety of recreational uses" and "diversity of sports uses" (3.4 and 3.3 respectively), while the lowest rating was given to "Sanitation and Health" (1.6). Consequently, the effective carrying capacity for the study site was established at 10626949 people per day. The study area was further divided into four zones based on concentrated and extensive tourism, encompassing the mountain-forest ecosystem, mountainous region, plain area, rangelands and aquatic ecosystems.

The extensive tourism endeavors conducted in the northern region of the study vicinity, encompassing the mountain and forest ecosystems, alongside the plain ecosystem, have resulted in the most substantial degree of detrimental impact.

The central component of the city presents itself as a palpable and tangible reality within the urban landscape, thereby unveiling the enigmatic mechanisms at play within the city. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is a singular or multiple central cores within the confines of Zahedan city, ultimately aiming to identify the predominant central core or cores in the spatial arrangement of Zahedan city.

This study is carried out in 2023 in the city of Zahedan. The process of data collection entailed both extensive library research and meticulous document analysis. The parameters under scrutiny included educational institutions, financial institutions, healthcare facilities, administrative centers, athletic facilities, commercial establishments, green areas, places of worship, military installations, parking spaces, street conditions, recreational amenities, and population density. The acquired data was subsequently integrated into the urban blocks utilizing ArcGIS 10.3. Expert opinions were sought in order to ascertain the appropriate distances for each parameter. Network analysis and hierarchical analysis were employed to assign weightings to the aforementioned parameters.

The results of the network analysis reveal that the city consists of a prominent central core situated in the city center and five subcores dispersed throughout the urban area. In the hierarchical analysis method, the central core of the city is situated in the city center of Zahedan along with areas 5, 1, and 2. These areas, as well as regions with potential for development and the establishment of urban nodes, contribute to the central core. Both methods corroborate that Zahedan city is comprised of singular cores and is in the process of evolving into a multi-core city.

Despite the physical expansion witnessed in Zahedan city over the past few decades, the dominant structure remains a single core in terms of service provision and employment. In order to enhance accessibility and establish an effective spatial arrangement, it is imperative to establish new cores at the regional level within the city.

In contrast to commonly held beliefs in the province of Mazandaran, , alterations in climate have exposed this particular region to the issue of water scarcity. This predicament has rendered it crucial to direct attention to the various methods of managing water, such as the collection of rainwater, within this province. From this vantage point, the objective of this publication is to meticulously scrutinize and evaluate the feasibility of implementing a comprehensive plan for rainwater collection in the residential areas of Larijan, Amol, and Noor, which are situated within the Mazandaran province, based on both physical and social capabilities.

This is an applied study carried out from 2017 to 2021 in three cities of Mazandaran. The research process is segmented into three distinct stages in accordance with the nature of the data. The researcher employed indirect observation to extract physical (architectural) data, which were subsequently prioritized by experts utilizing the Delphi method. As for the technical data pertaining to the various components of the rainwater harvesting system, they were derived from the statistical analysis of rainfall and catchment levels observed during the study period, in addition to the optimal capacity of the tank. In terms of the social dimension, the requisite data were gathered through a questionnaire devised by the researcher, followed by an analysis conducted using a one-sample T test.

The primary physical factors that have a significant impact on water management in housing within the Mazandaran province encompass various variables such as "Roof area," "Roof slope," "Area and yard dimensions," "Area slope," "Gutter," "Dimensions and proportions," and "Insulation details." Regarding the quantity of water, the optimal volume stands at 5981 liters in Larijan city, 8632 liters in Amol city, and 7533 liters in Nur city. Furthermore, from a social perspective, the findings indicate an above-average level of citizen participation across all three cities, which is attributed to the implementation of rainwater extraction systems.

In conclusion, the cities within the Mazandaran province exhibit both physical and social capacities for the implementation of rainwater harvesting systems in residential settings. However, it is important to acknowledge that the main hindrance in this endeavor is the limited institutional (management) capacity.

This study was conducted with the objective of assessing the social and economic approaches employed to accomplish the advancement of urban tourism in the city of Kelardasht.

This applied study took place in two distinct phases during the year 2023 in Kelardasht. The initial phase consisted of extracting the criteria and influential indicators through a comprehensive literature review. The identified factors were subsequently transformed into a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire's validity was assessed using the Delphi method and was distributed among 25 experts and specialists residing in Kelardasht. After incorporating the necessary revisions, the questionnaire was once again distributed to the same 25 individuals. Ultimately, 6 criteria and 27 indicators were established to examine the assessment of development strategies in the economic and social dimensions of tourism. In the subsequent phase, a sample of 384 residents of Kelardasht was randomly selected to evaluate the aforementioned criteria and indicators.The ARAS technique was used for data analysis.

The economic dimension demonstrated an average score of 2.423, which surpassed the social dimension with an average score of 2.272 in the present circumstances within Kelardasht. Following the incorporation of social and economic indicators, the economic dimension will enjoy a comparatively improved state. When employing the ARAS technique to prioritize strategies, the strategy of "providing quality tourism services" [K=0.073828] took precedence, whereas the strategy of "developing tourism infrastructure" [K=0.071228] ranked second in priority.

The development of urban tourism operates as a intricate and interconnected process, wherein the influence of its diverse elements, encompassing investment, infrastructure management, environmental preservation, and the consideration of cultural and social aspects are of considerable significance.

Rural tourism development is of great importance in rural development and plays an important role in diversifying the rural economy to provide more opportunities in such regions. The identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the advancement of rural tourism in Makhunik village, situated in South Khorasan province, was accomplished through the utilization of strategic planning employing the David model.

This is an applied study carried out in 2021 in Makhunik village. The study population consisted of two groups: rural households residing in Makhunik village and tourists as well as officials from institutions associated with the village. Data were collected through both library research and fieldwork methods. The questionnaire was developed based on a thorough examination of scholarly sources and interviews with officials from organizations affiliated with rural tourism. A comprehensive list of recommended strategies was formulated, and the factors were subsequently incorporated into a 47-item questionnaire utilizing a 5-point Likert scale. The strategies were determined in accordance with David's model, which is based on the SWOT framework.

The assessment of internal factors (total final score 2.29) demonstrates that the weaknesses of tourism in Makhunik village outnumber its strengths, necessitating the formulation of strategies to address these weaknesses. The evaluation matrix of external factors (total final score 2.47) reveals that the region's tourism opportunities surpass the threats it faces. Consequently, macro strategies should be devised to capitalize on these opportunities for the region's tourism.

The proposed strategies for rural tourism planning encompass conservative (WO), defensive (SO), offensive (SO), and competitive (ST) strategies, respectively. These strategies have been presented with the aim of enhancing tourist visits to the village and fostering tourism development through their accurate and timely implementation.

Energy geopolitics is a prominent sphere of competition that exerts a crucial and decisive influence on China's foreign policy. Within the diverse geographical regions of the world, the geopolitical domain encompassing the Persian Gulf has engendered substantial geopolitical pursuits among various actors due to its abundant reservoirs of oil and gas. In light of this circumstance, China, as a global hegemon, has delineated significant interests in this region for itself, deeming it necessary to augment and safeguard them all. In the context of this descriptive-analytical inquiry, the endeavor was made to scrutinize China's energy geopolitical interests and the objectives of this nation in protecting these interests, alongside the ramifications of geopolitical energy strategies in the Persian Gulf region on different actors, employing the approaches that govern the knowledge of political geography.

The establishment of collaboration among the nations situated in the Persian Gulf and China has emerged as the fundamental basis for the augmentation of China's economic and political sway in the region, thereby posing a threat to the national interests of the United States. The economic influence of China possesses the potential to render the competition between the two nations more intricate in the geopolitical dynamics. Consequently, within this process, any nation that can skillfully exploit the prevailing circumstances governing the rivalry between China and the United States through the utilization of multilateral diplomacy appears to be capable of reaping the utmost advantages for itself.

Tourism encapsulates a diverse array of individuals, professions, institutions, and locales that converge harmoniously to facilitate the pursuit of travel-related endeavors. This article aims to present a suitable model for tourism based on good urban governance to enhance the Chitgar tourism complex.

The research, conducted in 1402, had an applied objective and utilized a case study approach focusing on the Chitgar recreational complex. Dimensions and criteria influencing tourism governance were determined through a review of previous studies and assessed through a questionnaire. The validity of the prepared questionnaire was confirmed using the Delphi method. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula (n=310), and questionnaire reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (0.81). Research participants, selected through random sampling, included ordinary individuals and visitors to the Chitgar tourism complex. Data were analyzed using the one-sample t-test and SPSS 26 software. The desirability level of each dimension was evaluated using the test.

The governance model for tourism development in the Chitgar recreational complex is achievable considering the nine dimensions: Participation, transparency, rule of law, responsiveness, justice, accountability, supervision, efficiency, effectiveness, and specialization-orientation. The average dimensions were, respectively: Participation 2.5, transparency 2.3, rule of law 2.1, responsiveness 2.6, justice 2.2, accountability 2.7, supervision 2.3, efficiency and effectiveness 2.5, and specialization-orientation 2.6. All dimensions were found to be at an undesirable level.

Each dimension of good urban governance has criteria, and enhancing each of them is crucial for improving the level of dimensions and, consequently, elevating the tourism level of the Chitgar complex.

The characteristics of soil exhibit variability across different locations, and it is of utmost significance to aptly identify these variations and effectively incorporate them into the strategic planning and efficient management of agricultural lands. This study was conducted with the objective of monitoring the fertility of soil in the agricultural lands of East Azerbaijan province over a period of 15 years by examining the spatial and temporal variations of organic carbon, available phosphorus, and potassium.

It was an applied study carried out in 2023 in East Azerbaijan province. The methodology involved the preparation of spatial variation maps for soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, and potassium using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) approach. These maps were created based on the analysis of 9000 soil samples collected between 2002 and 2006 from all counties within the province. The preparation of these maps occurred from 2020 to 2022, using data from 1400 databases, and the homogeneous areas of the studied properties were classified according to the standards set by the Soil and Water Research Institute.

The findings demonstrated a notable reduction in the expanse of lands containing organic carbon levels below one percent; Consequently, by 2022, the territory of these lands had diminished to less than half of its previous size. Conversely, the area encompassing land with organic carbon levels surpassing 1% exhibited a marked increase, reaching over 660000 ha. Over the course of these years, there was a substantial decline in the quantity of available phosphorus, resulting in a decrease to less than 10 mg/kg across an expanse exceeding 1260000 ha. Conversely, the amount of potassium exhibited minimal alteration throughout this period.

Notably, the area of land exhibiting an organic carbon content below the critical threshold has experienced a significant reduction, amounting to less than half. Conversely, the area of land with organic carbon surpassing the critical threshold has expanded. Furthermore, the quantity of absorbable phosphorus has exhibited a noteworthy decrease during this time period, resulting in over 85% of agricultural lands currently suffering from a deficiency in phosphorus. In contrast to these aforementioned elements, the quantity of soil-absorbable potassium has remained relatively stable throughout this period.

 The current research aims to identify the factors and criteria that are effective in improving the perception and mental image of the citizens of the urban space.

 This applied research was carried out in 2022-2023 at Tabriz city. Among urban sidewalks, four main sidewalks of Tabriz city were selected using cluster sampling. The statistical was urban pedestrians on the sidewalks, from among whom 100 people were selected using random sampling. So the share of each of the pedestrians was determined to be 25 people. The research tool was a 40-item questionnaire that was designed using research background and related theories. The chi-square test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the findings.

 In general, Tarbiat Pass was described as the most successful pedestrian in Tabriz city due to its unique attendance, after that Valiasr Pass was determined as another successful pass of Tabriz with the good feelings it gives. In general, the pedestrian crossings of Tabriz city have been evaluated positively for both women and men, but women have accepted more influence from the crossings due to the fact that they make their presence more visible.

 According to the studies, improving the presence of citizens is related to the three dimensions of mental image, the concept of readability, and the concept of liveliness, respectively. According to the findings, the most important impact among the mental components is related to the dimension of proportions (0.89) and among the components of urban design to the dimension of nature (0.87) and in the field of presence, in the order of mental image components. In the first place and after that were the components of readability and vitality.

Objectives and contexts:

 A successful urban space has a wide range of subjective and objective components, and paying attention to physical indicators plays a decisive role in creating a "successful" place, one of the strategies of which is paying attention to social relations. Weakness of social relations in neighborhoods can cause problems such as fading sense of belonging to a place and collective spirit. The purpose of this article is to identify the components of the place-making approach and examine its impact and role in the social relations of urban spaces.

The method of this research was quantitative and the appropriate answer was obtained through descriptive-analytical method. In order to evaluate the components formulated in the conceptual model, survey research methods and descriptive analytical methods have been used. In order to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the role of placemaking in the restoration of social relations, it has been considered.
Qualitative, documentary and library data collection tools were obtained through content analysis of theoretical literature, and quantitative data was obtained through the completion of 384 questionnaires. In the data analysis section, Ferdous neighborhood of Tabriz was evaluated based on regression, Spearman, Friedman and ANOVA statistical tests.

Based on the findings of statistical studies, the physical, social, management-policy, perceptual-semantic and economic dimensions are the extracted components of placemaking that have a significant impact on the restoration of social relations from the citizens' point of view.

Based on the contribution and position of this research, it should be mentioned that the establishment of any attitude, the drawing of vision and feasibility and the promotion of social relations with an emphasis on the approach of place-making in urban spaces, due to the simultaneous attention to the five components mentioned, it will be possible.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of the spatial structure of the administrative buildings of Karaj city on the internal and external scale on the productivity of employees and compare it with the impact of physical factors stated in the existing theories.

The research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of its method. The main variables were extracted according to Haines model and classified using ANOVA test. Data collection has been done by questionnaire. The analysis of the space syntax of the buildings including three variables "interconnection", "depth" and "connectivity" was carried out in three levels "macro", "immediate" and "internal" in the UCL.Depthmap.10 software environment. In the inferential analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis in the LISREL.10.2 software environment.

Physical factors including "temperature and ventilation", "noise and acoustics", "light", "dimensions" and "ergonomics" have the greatest impact on self-reported productivity in high-rise office building employees. Among other factors, the space syntax has an effect on employee productivity at three levels: macro (city scale), immediate area (surrounding area) and internal (architectural plan). The impact of the space syntax is lower than the physical factors and it is not equal under the variables of "integration", "depth" and "connectivity". Among the variables of space syntax, "connectivity" has no relation with employee productivity. The two variables of "connectivity" and "depth" also have different effects at the urban level and directly.

In work environments, physical factors are effective in the productivity of employees, regardless of the work pattern. The internal space syntax is related to the interaction and concentration of employees, and this issue has a different effect depending on the working model. At the urban scale, "integration" has a direct and weak relationship with productivity.